| Primary Goal | Global tax optimization for investors and business owners | European residency for capital preservation and mobility | Flexible residency with a path to EU citizenship | Immediate EU permanent residency with a route to citizenship | Permanent EU residency for non-EU nationals through investment |
| Investment Amount | Flat €200,000 annual tax on all foreign-sourced income | €250,000 investment in a real estate fund OR €1,000,000 donation to a Hungarian university | €500,000 in funds, €250,000 in cultural donations, or €500,000 in research/startups | €512,000 in a government-approved investment fund | €100,000+ (Property lease or purchase) + €60,000 contribution + €2,000 donation + €40,000 fees |
| Duration of Benefit/Visa | Up to 15 years | 10-year renewable residence permit | 5-year renewable residence permit | Permanent residency (Lifetime, with renewals every 5 years for ID card) | Permanent residency (Lifetime, with renewals every 5 years for ID card) |
| Family Inclusion | Family members can be added for an additional €25,000 each | Family members can be included | Spouse, children, and dependent parents included | Spouse, children, and parents eligible for residency | Spouse, children, parents and grandparents can be included |
| Residency Requirement | Requires relocation to Italy to benefit from the tax regime | No requirement to live in Hungary, speak the language or meet any stay requirements | Only 7 days/year required in Portugal | No residency requirement | No physical stay requirement |
| Schengen Access | Yes, as Italy is an EU member | Yes, visa-free access across 27 EU countries (Schengen Zone) | Yes, visa-free travel across 27 EU countries | Yes, visa-free travel within the Schengen Area | Yes, visa-free travel within the Schengen Area |
| Processing Time | Not specified for the tax regime itself; likely depends on general relocation and tax ruling processes | 60 to 90 days | Approximately 6 months | Approximately 8 months | 4 to 6 months |
| Additional Tax Benefits | No wealth or inheritance tax on foreign assets under this regime. Entrepreneurs can benefit from Italy's 'regime forfettario' (flat 15% or 5% for qualifying new businesses) | N/A (Focused on residency and mobility benefits, not specific tax optimization beyond basic residency) | Non-Habitual Residency (NHR) regime offers tax exemptions on foreign income for 10 years | Option to become a Bulgarian tax resident or retain tax residency elsewhere | No tax on foreign income unless resident; Malta has favorable tax treaties |
| Ideal For | Family offices, global entrepreneurs and private investors seeking to consolidate operations in a stable, EU-aligned jurisdiction with favorable tax treatment | Investors seeking a European foothold without operational obligations, for portfolio diversification, geopolitical hedging, or future-proofing family mobility | Investors seeking EU access, lifestyle benefits, and eventual citizenship | Investors seeking straightforward and cost-effective residency-by-investment programs in Europe | High-net-worth individuals seeking stable EU residency with family inclusion and mobility benefits |
